Cryosphere Synthesis

Snowfall Depth

Convert snowfall depth between cm, inches, and mm while calculating Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) based on snow density class.

Depth Converter
Snow Water Equivalent (SWE)
SWE (mm water) 30 mm
Snow Density Reference
New powder
50–70 kg/m³ — Snow:Water ~20:1
Settled fresh
100–200 kg/m³ — Snow:Water 10–15:1
Wind-blown
200–300 kg/m³ — Snow:Water 7–10:1
Wet spring
300–500 kg/m³ — Snow:Water 3–5:1
Firn / old
500–800 kg/m³ — Snow:Water 1.5–3:1

Frequently Asked Questions

Is snowfall depth the same as water equivalent?

No. Fresh snow has a snow-to-liquid ratio of typically 10:1 to 15:1, meaning 10–15 cm of snow melts to 1 cm (10 mm) of water. Wet, heavy snow may be 5:1, while dry powder can be 30:1 or more.

What is Snow Water Equivalent (SWE)?

SWE is the depth of water that would result from melting the snowpack. A 30 cm snowpack with a density of 300 kg/m³ has an SWE of 90 mm. Knowing SWE is critical for spring runoff forecasting and reservoir management.

How do I convert cm of snow to water?

Multiply snow depth by the snow density ratio. For typical fresh snow (density ~100 kg/m³, ratio 10:1): 20 cm snow → 20 mm SWE. For wet spring snow (density ~350 kg/m³): 20 cm → 70 mm SWE.

What is a blizzard classified as?

The US National Weather Service defines a blizzard as snowfall or blowing snow with winds of at least 35 mph (56 km/h) and visibility of less than 1/4 mile (400 m) for at least 3 hours.

How much does fresh snow weigh?

Fresh snow weighs about 50–100 kg/m³ (0.05–0.10 g/cm³). Settled snow can be 200–300 kg/m³, while glacial ice approaches 830–917 kg/m³.